15
P
Phosphorus
30.973762
Basic Information
Name
Phosphorus
Atomic Number
15
Allotropes
White Phosphorus, Red Phosphorus, Black Phosphorus
Appearance
Colorless, waxy white, yellow, crimson, red, purple, black
Refractive Index
1.001212
Phase At STP
Solid
Spectrum Image
Source
WikipediaBohr Model
Static
Interactive
Descriptive Numbers
CAS Number
7723-14-0
CID Number
{CID5462309, CID5462309, CID123286, CID5460700}
DOT Number
1338
RTECS Number
RTECSTH3495000
Mendeleev Number
94
Pettifor Number
90
Space Group Number
2
Glawe Number
89
Mass
Atomic Mass
30.973762 Da
Uncertainty
1e-8
Periodic Position
X Position
15
Y Position
3
Period
3
Group
15
Classification
Block
p
Category
Reactive Nonmetal
Goldschmidt
Lithophilic
Electrical Type
Conductive
Abundance
Urban Soil
1.2 mg/kg
Seawater
6e-8 kg/L
Sun
0.008 mole ratio to silicon
Earth Crust
0.0011 g
Human Body
1.1 %
Solar System
0.01 mole ratio to silicon
Meteorites
0.11 %
Color
Jmol
#FF8000
Molcas Gv
#FF8000
CPK
#FFA500
Atomic Radius
Empirical
100
Calculated
98
Van Der Waals
180
Bonding
180
Batsanov
195
Rahm
223
Dreiding
415
Uff
414.7
Mm3
222
Alvarez
190
Covalent (Single Bound)
106
Covalent (Triple Bound)
94
Covalent (Cordero)
107
Covalent (Pyykko)
111
Covalent (Pyykko Double)
102
Covalent (Pyykko Triple)
94
Mendeleev
110
C12
128
Temperature
Melting/Freeze (WEL)
317.3 °K
Melting/Freeze (CRC)
317.15 °K
Melting/Freeze (LNG)
317.15 °K
Boiling/Density (WEL)
550 °K
Boiling/Density (CRC)
553.5 °K
Boiling/Density (LNG)
553.3 °K
Boiling/Density (Zhang)
553 °K
Density
STP
1.823 kg/cm³
Solid (WEL)
1823 kg/cm³
Solid (CRC)
1823 kg/cm³
Solid (LNG)
1823 kg/cm³
Heat
Molar Volume
11.44 cm³/mol
Atomic Volume
17 cm³
Heat Of Fusion USE
2.51 kJ/mol
Heat Of Fusion CRC
0.66 kJ/mol
Heat Of Fusion LNG
0.66 kJ/mol
Heat Of Fusion WEL
0.64 kJ/mol
Evaporation USE
49.8 kJ/mol
Evaporation CRC
12.4 kJ/mol
Evaporation LNG
12.4 kJ/mol
Evaporation WEL
12.4 kJ/mol
Evaporation Zhang
51.9 kJ/mol
Molar Heat
23.824 J/molK
Heat Capacity USE
0.757 J/gK
Heat Capacity CRC
23.824 J/gK
Heat Capacity LNG
23.83 J/gK
Heat Capacity WEL
23.84 J/gK
Adiabatic Index
N/A
Magnetic Properties
Order
Diamagnetic
Susceptibility
-1.1e-8 m3/kg
Elasticity
Bulk Modulus
11 GPa
Etymology
Description
It is a nonmetal element located in group 15 of the periodic table. Many allotrope forms exist. It is an important element for living organisms. It was discovered by Brandt in 1669.
Language Of Origin
Greek via Latin
Origin Of Word
From the Greek word phosphoros, meaning bearer of light
Meaning
light-bearing
Symbol Origin
descriptive
Etymological Description
It comes from the Greek phrase phos + phoros, meaning "bearing light" because white phosphorus emits a faint glow when exposed to oxygen. Phosphorus was the ancient name for Venus (evening star).
Discovery & Isolation
Observed/Predicted By
H. Brand
Observed/Discovery Year
1669
Discovery Location
Isolated Sample By
H. Brand
Isolated Sample Year
1669
Production & Use
Sources
It is commonly found in phosphate rock. Pure phosphorus is obtained by heating a mixture of phosphate rock, coke and silica at approximately 1450 degrees.
Uses
It is used in the production of fertilizer and detergent. A certain amount is used in fireworks, safety matches and firearms. At the same time, both it and its glow-in-the-dark compounds are used in some areas.
Radioactivity
Half Life
Stable
Lifetime
Stable
Neutron Mass Absorption
0.0002
Neutron Cross Section
0.18
Electron Affinity
Proton Affinity
626.8
Electron Affinity (eV)
0.746607
Electron Affinity (kJ/mol)
72.037
Electron Affinity (pauling)
2.19
Electron Affinity (allen)
13.33
Electron Affinity (ghosh)
0.206931
Dipole Polarity
Accepted
25
Uncertainty
1
C6 GB
187
C6 Coefficient
185
Lattice
Constant Internal Default Radius
7.17
Constant
1145, 550.3, 1126.1
Strucutre
CUB
Angles
1.25384, 1.57725, 1.24896
Electron & Quantum
Oxidation States
−3,−2,−1,0,1,2,3,4,5
Electron Configuration
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3
Quantum Number
4h/a
Electron Configuration Semantic
[N] Bogeyman's stick
Shells-0
2
Shells-1
8
Shells-2
5
Ionization Energies-0
1011.8
Ionization Energies-1
1907
Ionization Energies-2
2914.1
Ionization Energies-3
4963.6
Ionization Energies-4
6273.9
Ionization Energies-5
21267
Ionization Energies-6
25431
Ionization Energies-7
29872
Ionization Energies-8
35905
Ionization Energies-9
40950
Ionization Energies-10
46261
Ionization Energies-11
54110
Ionization Energies-12
59024
Ionization Energies-13
271791
Ionization Energies-14
296195
List of Compounds
1-10 of 98 compounds
| Formula | Names |
|---|---|
| P | black phosphorus beta-metallic phosphorus phosphorus black red phosphorus amorphous phosphorus phosphorus red red amorphous phosphorus |
| P2 | diphosphorus diphosphyne phosphorus dimer |
| P4 | white phosphorus phosphorus tetramer phosphorus white tetraphosphorus yellow phosphorus |
| AlP | aluminum phosphide aluminum monophosphide celphos detia phostoxin |
| BP | boron phosphide boron monophosphide boron phosphide (1:1) boron phosphide (13:2) |
| PBr3 | phosphorus tribromide phosphorous bromide phosphorous tribromide phosphorus bromidephosphorus(III) bromide tribromophosphane |
| PBr5 | phosphorus pentabromide pentabromophosphorane phosphoric bromide phosphorous pentabromide phosphorus(V) bromide |
| Ca3P2 | calcium phosphide calcium photophor photophor tricalcium diphosphide |
| Cd3P2 | cadmium phosphide cadmium(+2) cation; phosphorus(-3) anion tricadmium diphosphide |
| PCl3 | phosphorus trichloride phosphorous trichloride phosphorus(III) chloride trichlorophosphane trichlorophosphine |
