90
Th
Thorium
232.03774
Basic Information
Bohr Model
Descriptive Numbers
Mass
Periodic Position
Classification
Abundance
Color
Atomic Radius
Temperature
Density
Heat
Speed of Sound
Electrical Resistance
Magnetic Properties
Elasticity
Hardness
Etymology
Discovery & Isolation
Production & Use
Radioactivity
Electron Affinity
Dipole Polarity
Lattice
Electron & Quantum
List of Compounds
Basic Information
Name
Thorium
Atomic Number
90
Appearance
Silvery, often with black markings
Phase At STP
Solid
Spectrum Image
Source
WikipediaBohr Model
Static
Interactive
Descriptive Numbers
CAS Number
7440-29-1
CID Number
CID23960
DOT Number
2975
RTECS Number
RTECSXO6400000
Mendeleev Number
16
Pettifor Number
47
Eu Number
Joa 1-139-7
Space Group Number
225
Glawe Number
34
Mass
Atomic Mass
232.03774 Da
Uncertainty
0.0004
Periodic Position
X Position
5
Y Position
9
Period
7
Group
N/A
Classification
Block
f
Category
Actinides
Geochemical
Rare Earth and Similars
Goldschmidt
Lithophilic
Electrical Type
Conductive
Abundance
Seawater
1e-12 kg/L
Sun
5e-8 mole ratio to silicon
Earth Crust
0.0000096 g
Solar System
4.5e-8 mole ratio to silicon
Meteorites
0.0000039 %
Color
Jmol
#00BAFF
Molcas Gv
#00BAFF
CPK
#FF1493
Atomic Radius
Empirical
180
Batsanov
240
Rahm
288
Uff
339.6
Mm3
274
Alvarez
293
Covalent (Triple Bound)
136
Covalent (Cordero)
206
Covalent (Pyykko)
175
Covalent (Pyykko Double)
143
Covalent (Pyykko Triple)
136
Metallic
179
Temperature
Melting/Freeze (USE)
2023 °K
Melting/Freeze (WEL)
2115 °K
Melting/Freeze (CRC)
2023 °K
Melting/Freeze (LNG)
2023 °K
Boiling/Density (USE)
5061 °K
Boiling/Density (WEL)
5093 °K
Boiling/Density (CRC)
5061 °K
Boiling/Density (LNG)
5061 °K
Superconducting Point
1.38 °K
Autoignition Point
403 °K
Density
STP
11.724 kg/cm³
Solid (WEL)
11724 kg/cm³
Solid (CRC)
11700 kg/cm³
Solid (LNG)
11700 kg/cm³
Heat
Molar Volume
19.8 cm³/mol
Atomic Volume
19.8 cm³
Heat Of Fusion USE
16.11 kJ/mol
Heat Of Fusion CRC
13.81 kJ/mol
Heat Of Fusion LNG
13.81 kJ/mol
Heat Of Fusion WEL
16 kJ/mol
Evaporation USE
513.7 kJ/mol
Evaporation LNG
113 kJ/mol
Molar Heat
26.23 J/molK
Heat Capacity USE
0.113 J/gK
Heat Capacity CRC
26.23 J/gK
Heat Capacity LNG
27.32 J/gK
Heat Capacity WEL
27.3 J/gK
Thermal Expansion
0.000011 1/K
Adiabatic Index
N/A
Speed of Sound
Extensional
2490 m/s
Electrical Resistance
273k
147 nΩm
293k
1540 nΩm
Magnetic Properties
Order
paramanyetic
Susceptibility
7.2e-9 m3/kg
Elasticity
Shear Modulus
31 GPa
Bulk Modulus
54 GPa
Poisson Ratio
0.27 ν
Youngs Modulus
79 GPa
Hardness
Mohs
3
Brinell
390–1500
Vickers
294–687
Etymology
Description
It is a gray, radioactive metal element. It is in the aknitide class. It is found in monazite sand in Brazil, India and the USA. Thorium-232 has a radio lifetime of 1.39x10^10 years. It can be used as nuclear fuel for breeder reactors. Thorium-232 captures slow neutrons and produces uranium-233. It was discovered by Jons J. Berzelius in 1829.
Language Of Origin
Old Norse
Origin Of Word
From Thor, the Norse god of thunder
Meaning
Thunder
Symbol Origin
mythological
Etymological Description
It is named after the god Tor, who is associated with thunder in Norse mythology. Its former name, ionium (Io), was given to the 230th isotope in the early periods when radioactive elements were studied.
Discovery & Isolation
Observed/Predicted By
J. Berzelius
Observed/Discovery Year
1829
Discovery Location
Isolated Sample By
D. Lely, Jr. ve L. Hamburger
Isolated Sample Year
1914
Production & Use
Sources
It is found in various minerals such as monazite and taurite.
Uses
It is used in the construction of strong alloys and in the construction of ultraviolet photoelectric cells. It is widely used in high quality lenses. It is bombarded with neutrons to produce uranium-223, a nuclear fuel.
Radioactivity
Half Life
1.406×1010 years
Lifetime
2.0285×10^10 years
Decay Mode
Alpha Six
Neutron Mass Absorption
0.001
Neutron Cross Section
7.4
Electron Affinity
Electron Affinity (kJ/mol)
112.72
Electron Affinity (pauling)
1.3
Electron Affinity (ghosh)
0.10277
Dipole Polarity
Accepted
217
Uncertainty
54
Lattice
Constant Internal Default Radius
5.08
Strucutre
FCC
Angles
p/2, p/2, p/2
Electron & Quantum
Oxidation States
1,2,3,4
Electron Configuration
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 6d2
Quantum Number
Pardon me
Electron Configuration Semantic
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
Shells-0
2
Shells-1
8
Shells-2
18
Shells-3
32
Shells-4
18
Shells-5
10
Shells-6
2
Ionization Energies-0
587
Ionization Energies-1
1110
Ionization Energies-2
1930
Ionization Energies-3
2780
List of Compounds
1-10 of 25 compounds
| Formula | Names |
|---|---|
| Th | thorium thorium metal |
| ThAl3 | thorium aluminum alloy aluminum, compound with thorium (3:1) |
| ThBi2 | thorium bismide bismuth, compound with thorium (2:1) |
| Br4Th | thorium(IV) bromide thorium bromide thorium tetrabromide |
| ThC2 | thorium dicarbide thorium carbide |
| Cl4Th | thorium(IV)chloride tetrachlorothorium thorium chloride thorium tetrachloride |
| F4Th | thorium(IV)fluoride thorium fluoride thorium tetrafluoride |
| I4Th | thorium(IV) iodide thorium iodide thorium tetraiodide |
| ThO2 | thorium(IV) oxide thoria thorium anhydride thorium dioxidethorium oxide thorotrast |
| S2Th | thorium(IV) sulfide thorium disulphide thorium sulfide |
