32
Ge
Germanium
72.6308
Basic Information
Bohr Model
Descriptive Numbers
Mass
Periodic Position
Classification
Abundance
Color
Atomic Radius
Temperature
Density
Heat
Speed of Sound
Magnetic Properties
Elasticity
Hardness
Etymology
Discovery & Isolation
Production & Use
Radioactivity
Electron Affinity
Dipole Polarity
Lattice
Electron & Quantum
List of Compounds
Basic Information
Bohr Model
Static
Interactive
Descriptive Numbers
CAS Number
7440-56-4
CID Number
CID6326954
DOT Number
3089
RTECS Number
RTECSLY5200000
Mendeleev Number
89
Pettifor Number
84
Space Group Number
225
Glawe Number
84
Mass
Atomic Mass
72.6308 Da
Uncertainty
0.008
Periodic Position
X Position
14
Y Position
4
Period
4
Group
14
Classification
Block
p
Category
Metalloid
Goldschmidt
Chalcophilic
Electrical Type
Semiconductor
Abundance
Urban Soil
0.0018 mg/kg
Seawater
5e-11 kg/L
Sun
0.000072 mole ratio to silicon
Earth Crust
0.0000015 g
Solar System
0.00012 mole ratio to silicon
Meteorites
0.0021 %
Color
Jmol
#668F8F
Molcas Gv
#668F8F
CPK
#FF1493
Atomic Radius
Empirical
125
Calculated
125
Van Der Waals
211
Batsanov
210
Rahm
234
Dreiding
427
Uff
428
Mm3
244
Alvarez
229
Truhlar
211
Covalent (Single Bound)
122
Covalent (Triple Bound)
114
Covalent (Cordero)
120
Covalent (Pyykko)
121
Covalent (Pyykko Double)
111
Covalent (Pyykko Triple)
114
Mendeleev
124
C12
144
Temperature
Melting/Freeze (USE)
1211.4 °K
Melting/Freeze (WEL)
1211.4 °K
Melting/Freeze (CRC)
1211.25 °K
Melting/Freeze (LNG)
1210.3 °K
Boiling/Density (USE)
3106 °K
Boiling/Density (WEL)
3093 °K
Boiling/Density (CRC)
3106 °K
Boiling/Density (LNG)
3103 °K
Boiling/Density (Zhang)
3103 °K
Density
STP
5.323 kg/cm³
Solid (WEL)
5323 kg/cm³
Solid (CRC)
5323.4 kg/cm³
Solid (LNG)
5323 kg/cm³
Liquid (CR2)
5600 kg/cm³
Heat
Molar Volume
13.63 cm³/mol
Atomic Volume
13.6 cm³
Heat Of Fusion USE
36.8 kJ/mol
Heat Of Fusion CRC
36.94 kJ/mol
Heat Of Fusion LNG
36.94 kJ/mol
Heat Of Fusion WEL
31.8 kJ/mol
Evaporation USE
328 kJ/mol
Evaporation CRC
334 kJ/mol
Evaporation LNG
334 kJ/mol
Evaporation WEL
334 kJ/mol
Evaporation Zhang
330 kJ/mol
Combustion
-536 kJ/mol
Molar Heat
23.222 J/molK
Heat Capacity USE
0.322 J/gK
Heat Capacity CRC
23.222 J/gK
Heat Capacity LNG
23.3 J/gK
Heat Capacity WEL
23.35 J/gK
Thermal Conductivity
60.2 W/m*K
Thermal Expansion
0.000006 1/K
Adiabatic Index
N/A
Speed of Sound
Extensional
5400 m/s
Magnetic Properties
Order
Diamagnetic
Susceptibility
-1.5e-9 m3/kg
Elasticity
Bulk Modulus
75.8 GPa
Hardness
Mohs
6
Etymology
Description
It is a shiny, hard and semi-metal element. It is found in the 14th group of the periodic table. It forms many organometallic compounds. It was predicted by Mendeleyev in 1871 and discovered by Winkler in 1866.
Language Of Origin
Latin
Origin Of Word
From Germania, the Latin word for Germany
Meaning
Germany
Symbol Origin
place name
Etymological Description
It comes from the Latin Germania, meaning Germany. The element germenium was also named ecasilicon by Mendeleev.
Discovery & Isolation
Observed/Predicted By
C. A. Winkler
Observed/Discovery Year
1886
Discovery Location
Production & Use
Sources
It is obtained from the refining of copper, zinc and lead.
Uses
It is commonly used in semiconductors. It acts as a good semiconductor when used with trace amounts of phosphorus, arsenic, gallium and antimony.
Radioactivity
Half Life
Stable
Lifetime
Stable
Neutron Mass Absorption
0.0011
Neutron Cross Section
2.2
Electron Affinity
Electron Affinity (eV)
1.232712
Electron Affinity (kJ/mol)
118.9352
Electron Affinity (pauling)
2.01
Electron Affinity (allen)
11.8
Electron Affinity (ghosh)
0.1895892
Dipole Polarity
Accepted
40
Uncertainty
1
C6 GB
365
C6 Coefficient
354
Lattice
Constant Internal Default Radius
5.66
Constant
565.75, 565.75, 565.75
Strucutre
THERE
Angles
p/2, p/2, p/2
Electron & Quantum
Oxidation States
−4,−3,−2,−1,0,1,2,3,4
Electron Configuration
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p2
Quantum Number
3P0
Electron Configuration Semantic
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
Shells-0
2
Shells-1
8
Shells-2
18
Shells-3
4
Ionization Energies-0
762
Ionization Energies-1
1537.5
Ionization Energies-2
3302.1
Ionization Energies-3
4411
Ionization Energies-4
9020
List of Compounds
1-10 of 73 compounds
| Formula | Names |
|---|---|
| Ge | germanium metallic germanium |
| GeBr2 | germanium(II)bromide dibromogermanium |
| GeBr4 | germanium tetrabromide germanium bromide germanium(IV) bromide germyl bromide tetrabromogermane |
| Cl2Ge | germanium(II) chloride |
| GeCl4 | germanium(IV)chloride germanium chloridegermanium tetrachloridetetrachlorogermane |
| GeF4 | germanium(IV)fluoride germanium tetrafluoridetetrafluorogermane |
| GeF2 | germanium(II) fluoride |
| GeH4 | germane germanium hydride germanium tetrahydride germylene monogermane |
| GeH31 | iodogermane |
| GeI2 | germanium(II)iodide diiodogermanium germanium diiodide |
